Civilization #43: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

okay good morning so today we do the simic revolution okay and um as I mentioned in previous classes it was really Dante who helped give give birth to the idea of mity and he really launched three major movements which include the Renaissance the pro reformation and the S Revolution okay we will not have mity without um Dante okay all right so let's see how the three connect together okay we're going to review um the previous two classes to connect to today's class on the S Revolution so the Renaissance what it was was it was a celebration of what makes us human before we were focus on the Divine on the idea of God now we want to tell the story of what it means to be human okay that's a Renaissance prism believes that we have direct access to God um the Catholic religion um the pope is the Divine representative and the clergy is the um spokesperson for um for God but pris prism believes that we have direct access to God we should be able to speak with God directly Through the Bible um the C Revolution it's really about how can we know God okay that's the idea of the retion ution so let's review why we have these ideas and it has to do with Dante so remember last we discuss the dialogue between beatric and uh Dante let's review it really quickly so beatress is saying I just said that God is perfect whatever God touches whatever God creates is perfect so if that's the case why is it that there is Decay destruction and death in this world what are the forces that give rise to this Decay and then she explains okay whatever God creates is perfect so angels are perfect they're Immortal they're Eternal but the elements that are in this world they are not created by God what is created by God are the Divine laws that underly the universe God create the atoms God create create the laws that allow these atoms to enact with each other okay so the Rays and motion of the Holy lights draw forth the soul of every animal and plant from matter able to take form so it's these Divine laws to create the animals and the plants um but these Divine laws also necess necessitate that they die in order for new forms to come into being okay so this is the idea of evolution um we humans are special why because we are both divinely created and created by the laws of the universe we have a dual nature and the main advantage of this dual nature is it gives us a capacity to imagine remember remember the issue with God is that God is perfect if you're perfect if you're Eternal if you're IM mutable you lack an imagination because there are no boundaries to you but if you're human you're forced of an imagination because you'll make mistakes you will fail there are things that you do not know the imagination gives you the capacity to um know this world and to perfect this world okay so that's what it means to be fundamentally human Okay so let's recap okay these are the three main messages that Dante is relaying to us through his poetry first of all God is within us how do we know because we are capable of loving others God is the light of Love within us the more we love someone the more this light grows in us okay so we we must focus on loving someone who is dear to us second idea is we have the imagination and thus responsibility to discover the universal laws underlying reality God created the laws of the universe God created us in order to know these laws okay that's very fundamental Al to the idea of science the last idea is we can Master these laws to better our reality okay so this these are the three hidden messages of Divine Comedy that will influence development of Science in the Western World okay so I want to talk briefly about science that has been traditionally been practiced in ancient societies okay um so in ancient societies the the major ancient civilizations are China Egypt and India and you will see a lot of similarities uh among these three civil civilizations on how they practice the idea of science okay it's very intuitive it's very imaginative um it it will make sense to you okay so um the first science that they focus a lot on is the idea of secret geometry I'm not I'm not sure if you've heard of this okay but the idea of secret geometry is that the underlying fundamental structure of the universe of reality are geometric shapes okay and from these geometric shapes you can give rise to every possible reality all right so um um this is called the Egg of life and from the Egg of life if you just keep on expanding it you will get all of reality okay um these actually 3D 4D shapes I can't illustrate them but if you're but if you're curious go online these are beautiful um um ideas okay um so there are two possible ways to understand sacred geometry the first possible way is to understand understand as solids okay so the Egyptians understood them as solids and Plato understood them as solids remember Plato um a lot of his philosophy is derived from the Egyptians and the idea of sacred geometry it's very apparent in Plato's writings and he got this from the Egyptians so basically the idea is that if you train yourself on how to understand s geometry and how to manipulate secr geometry in your head you can access God okay so the first idea is to understand it as solid but there's another way you can understand C geometry and it's as vibrations as energy as a force okay and this is the way that the Chinese understand sa right as Chi as life force also as well as the Hindus and so imagine a monk who's breathing okay who's meditating what is he what is he doing he's breathing and he's meditating and he's focusing his energies in order to achieve the sacred geometry within him the the monk will often say things like om om om okay he's causing vibrations that try to mimic the sacred geometry why is he doing this because the belief at this time is that if there is a God okay if there are a if there's a creat God the question is how does it think right it's not going to think with words the way we do it's going to think using mathematics with SEC geometry and by thinking he is going to create the underlying universe and how does he do that he does it by breathing breathing in ating SEC geometry and then breathing out breathing back in okay inhaling exhaling and this will give rise to the universe so if you're a monk or a priest you practice meditation in order to try to mimic the act of creation and if you are able to succeed then what will happen is you harmonize your self with the vibrations of the universe and therefore you're able to access Divine energy okay so that that's the idea of sacred geometry and again it's a very complicated um idea but that's a general gist um any questions okay and again this this make intuitive sense okay this should make intuitive sense to you all right the second Big Field that the Egyptians are Chinese and the indan Indians were um really compa really passionate about is astronomy and astrology okay so the Egyptians basically created astrology and the idea is that you're trying to link the movement of the Stars the cosmos with events in the world okay so by understanding the moveing the Stars you're able to divide or predict the future of humanity okay every major um King had an astrologist in order to Divine the future through the practice of astronomy and astrology all right and the last thing is alchemy what is alchemy Alchemy is basically chemistry and sorcery combine together um this is a polytheistic world and the idea is that because it's a polytheistic world it's a cha chaotic world and somehow if you are clever enough you're able to hack this world okay think think of it as hacking that there are secrets to this world and you are able to take elements in this world combined together in create something called the philosopher stone the philosopher stone is the power of God in order to give you the elixir of immortality in order to live forever as well as to manipulate the environment so basically turn lead into gold and again this was an extremely popular practice um in ancient societies okay so these are three major Sciences in uh the Primitive societies China Egypt and India and they um Pro they ProMag outwards and influence other societies we still have them today okay there are still people who practice Alchemy um Sac geometry and um astrology today okay um any questions about this before I move on okay so this is primitive primitive science so the question then is what's the difference okay so let's focus on the three major differences between um premodern science and modern science okay the first major difference is it focuses focus focus on the spiritual World on the outer worldly all right and the point of science was to create Harmony between our world and the spiritual World okay because if you harmonize these two worlds you can have a more prosperous more peaceful future um today we are only focused on the Material World the world that we can see and know in order to create progress okay we've abandoned the spiritual world and we focus on this material world in order to manipulate it in order to promote technological progress and quite honestly we have been extremely successful at that in fact I will argue we've been too successful at that okay so that's the first major difference between premodern and modern science second major difference is that premodern science relies entirely on intuition and Imagination okay you don't do experiments you don't um have conferences you don't debate you just meditate you just dream okay and you often fall into transes in order to communicate with the spiritual World um in this world they use a lot of Hello um um hellenics okay they um a lot of psychedelics okay including magic mushroom a drink called Som which is very um important in the Hindu religion um as as as well as the Zoras religion it's basically a psychedelic okay um today we don't rely on intuition imagination we think this is um superstitious we rely mainly on something called the Sonic method okay and in in in um later on I will discuss the Sonic method more in detail right now last thing is in premodern science people are relying on divine inspiration in order to discover the truth the big question is what is truth today we care about the question how do we know truth okay it's really the idea of in the intialization of Doubt our M our main priority is to question and doubt the truth and what and what and what will happen is because of this emphasis change we've changed from what is truth to how do we know truth it will launch a revolution in Tech technological progress all right all right so underline theic Revolution are three major theological assumptions without these theological assumptions the S Revolution would not be possible okay so the first and most important idea is the idea of monotheism there is one God okay and again uh the very idea of monotheism is also revolutionary in human thought second idea is that God designed and will the universe into being so there is an intelligent design to the universe and it's up to us to discover this design God endowed us with the capacity to discover his design and will okay so these are the three major theological assumptions underlying the C Revolution that is why these that is why the revolution happened in Western Europe and not say in China or the Islamic world or India okay because you need at these three theological assumptions okay so what do these assumptions bring us okay so let's look at at Poly polytheism again throughout most of human history uh most societies have been thought polytheistic what is the difference between a polytheistic worldview of Science and a monotheistic worldview of science okay so I I I I I need you to memorize this chart okay the first major difference is in a PO polytheistic system there's there's really no design there's really no progress It's just chaos and struggle but in a monistic worldview there is an underlying truth to the universe okay that's the first difference second major difference is the idea of Randomness things happen for no particular reason if you um win the lottery that's great okay but if you lose all your wealth that's just random okay there's it's just fate it's just Destiny there's no purpose or no design to your fate but in the monistic world there's the idea of Good and Evil evil things happen to you that benefit you if you're doing good but if you're doing evil then bad things will happen to you okay so there's a very um there's a deep sense that God is in our lives orchestrating events the last major difference is that between fate and progress okay if there's truth in this world if there's goodness in this world then we have a responsibility to to progress by doing good and by discovering this truth okay that's why U I keep on emphasizing this but mon monotheism is really an intellectual revolution first and foremost okay so um the S reolution happens and what drives it okay there are three major forces that drive the S Revolution the first is the idea of the pro of reformation and the C re Reformation so the proest have come and their challenging authority of the church and the church responds by um what something called The Counter Reformation there is this belief or there's this Prejudice um that the church is anti-science the church the Catholic church is not anti science in fact the both the Protestants and the Catholic Church are trying to use science in order to promote their legitimacy and Authority okay so the Protestants are heavily uh devoted to science because because they want to un understand the will and mind of God the Catholics themselves are also promoting science um the Catholics will create a new society called the Jesuits who are renowned for um for for being great scientists in fact a lot of universities in this world were founded by Jesuits um a lot of Jesuits came to China and they promoted knowledge and Science in China and this has been true for many centuries Okay so both the Catholic church and the Protestant movement they are in a struggle to use science in order to promote their own authority and legitimacy okay that's the first Major Force driving the revolution second is war during this time Europe is in constant state of War it's fighting amongst themselves um between the Catholics and the Protestants um it's also fighting with the Muslims okay the Ottoman Empire which is at this point um the strongest Empire in um in the world all right and last idea that's driving science is the Age of Exploration and Conquest as Europe is trying to expand outwards if they're going to North America they're going to South America they need better navigation tools they need compasses they need um um astrolabs okay they they so science solves all three problems okay okay so again the Sim Revolution the best way to remember Simon Revolution is it's a fundamental change from asking what is truth to how do we know truth okay how can we know truth and believe it or not but no one really bothered to ask this question before how can we know truth okay um and because science is asking this question how do we know no truth what it's really doing is it's separating itself from religion and putting itself above religion okay because religion purports to be the truth right and what science is saying is like how do you know if you if you're right well we know if you're right because we have methods to test you okay so science is putting itself above religion and as you can imagine this will create conflicts um within the Catholic Church very very soon um mainly in the trial of Galileo okay so because science asks this question how do we know truth what it does is it creates the cic method okay um and the cic method is composed of three main um elements the first is you ask questions and you propose hypothesis so there are no questions now that are out of bounds and you have to think of solutions and ideas to solve these questions okay so that's the first step second step is there are these processes and protocols for testing hypothesis experimentation basically right so o only if you can experiment only if you can only if your hypothesis matches experimental results can it be true the last thing is it creates a system of doubt and criticism in order to test all experimental results and today we call them um academic societies and per review journals okay so if you're a scientist working today at a university um whatever results you have you have you must first publish and then you have to present your Journal results um to a conference of peers who will criticize you and they will look for Flaws in your argument and this is an extremely effective system on how to know what is true and again because of the system it's allowed for a remarkable explosion of wealth and technology and progress in the world today and this is the chart that shows us okay so um for most of human history progress uh meaning productivity has been flat and then starting around the year 1700 it starts to exponentially rise okay and this has meant that we are now able to feed more and more people so um before 1700 you really couldn't get above a few hundred million people and now we are at n we are projected to reach n billion people um and you can ask is this a good thing and I will argue it's not a good thing but it shows us the remarkable power of science okay all right so now the question then is what caused theic method to arise and it really has to do with a major debate uh among scientists it was it was the duocentric versus the hoc Centric debate Okay now what's interesting is that um if you look at the Egyptians they knew that um the sun was the center of the universe that's why their God was a Sun God Ra okay um but by the time you had the you hit the Greeks there was now this diers between those who believe that the uh Universe revolved around the Sun and those who believed it revolved around the earth um in about 150 a Greek scientist named tmy working in Egypt he developed the first comprehensive uh cosmological system and this cosm cosmological system which he wrote um in a book called The amus he made certain um arguments okay the first first argument is that the Earth stands still okay the Earth does not move it doesn't revolve okay second is that all other celestial bodies including the moon including the Stars the planets revolve around the Earth in a circular motion okay why because in the heavens it is assumed that EV is perfect okay so for example um on planet Earth we breath something called a right we we ear oxygen is what gives us life but up there in the space ear becomes ether ether is the ear that the gods breathe ether is what allows the world the Heavens to be perfect okay and so and this is the Arabic um addition of the alagas and as you can see there you can't read this but there's a lot of mathematical detail in uh the book and because Tommy's perspective aligned with theology the Bible um it was accepted it was accepted Truth for over a thousand years okay um there golden age relied heavily on to's understanding of the cosmos but the first person to suggest that this model is wrong is uh cerus okay who is a Polish polymath he did many things he did astrology he also did astronomy okay and and and when he died in 1543 he proposed the hiloc Centric model now what's really important for us to remember is that Copernicus was a devote Catholic and many of his friends were um major figures within the Catholic church and guess what they were extremely supportive of his theory in fact they want they wanted him to publish his theory okay why because at this point there is no conflict between science and religion so the saying back then is it is the job of the church the Catholic Church to tell you how to go to heaven not how the heavens go okay so the Catholic Church didn't really care one way they didn't care about the theocentric model or theocentric model they didn't care at all so Copernicus was heavily supported the problem with Copernicus is that the mathematics didn't really make sense okay so if I put two books in front of you uh kernus book called um on the Revolutions of the celestial spheres or tomy's book well most scientists would tell you that Tommy's book is better okay there's more math it's it's more well argue and the reason why is um Copernicus his idea is new and so there was not that much time he didn't have that much time to refine it people didn't really have time to work on it whereas Tom me people thousands of people have been working it over the centuries okay so the GE Centric model it is much more refined much more accepted at this point than the hoc Centric model um we there this this man his name is Tao bra and he is um a a Danish um pooth as well he comes from a very Noble family and he spent a lot of his time doing observations okay he um collected a lot of data he observed how the planets evolve and his conclusion is that um the decentric and the hoc Centric model are both correct and this and this and this proposal was that Earth was the center of the world but the planets revolved around the Sun Okay so Sun revolved around the earth and every other system revolved around the Sun okay so that's what he that's what he derived from his um data now he he had a prodig named johans Kepler he's a German and he looked at the data and he and he discovered that the data actually uh makes the HELOC Centric model um actually supports the hric model more than the geocentric model and but because he is not a member of the Catholic Church he's a Lutheran okay um the Catholic Church couldn't really do do anything about him right and what's remarkable about capler is that just from this data he was able to make certain predictions about the stars that we've confirmed over time uh the first is that the sun uh so every revolves around the Sun his problem though is that he didn't put the Sun at the center of the universe he put something else at the center of the universe the sun revolved around that and the Earth revolved around the Sun second uh Major law of plan motion is that the orbit is actually not circular it's elliptical okay that's what the data was telling him all right and this goes against theology because remember in theology the heavens are perfect right that because that's where God lives but um um cap is saying nope the universe sorry the orbit is elliptical and then what he what else he did that was revolutionary is that he he de he discovered that there was a correlation between this orbit and the mass of the planet okay and this will give rise to Newton but Kepler um made all these revolutionary discoveries um now comes Galileo and Galileo um he lives in Florence at this time um and so he's under the purview of the Catholic Church so um he comes from a pretty normal background he when he grew up he wanted to be a monk but his dad um wanted him wanted him become a doctor instead and then he they made it compromised and he said I'll go study mathematics but his dad was insistent that he go study medicine eventually um G Galileo managed to uh go do do what he wanted and just do science okay um at this point they invented a telescope and this was not a great telescope so so the telescope could give you three times the magnification of of the human eye okay but it's not that great but with this telescope this new invention Galileo did amazing things first thing he did was he discovered that the Jupiter had moons and this was revolutionary because it was assumed that everything revolved around a planet um Earth but now he showed that moons revolved around Jupiter he also recognized that um from the earth you're able to see um Venus spin around us and that also was revolutionary because it was assumed that um Earth Stood Still and all the planets Stood Still okay so he wrote this book and it was a sensation he became like the court scientist to the medi family and the Catholic Church thought this book was great okay but the thing about Galileo which is very important is that he was a very arrogant man and because he was Pro promoting the hoc Centric model he was coming into conflict with a lot of academics that were extremely wellestablished who made their living of the geocentric model okay so they having these arguments and um Galileo's um arguments were very limited remember this is a new idea it's not really supported by mathematics it's not really supported by a lot of data okay so Galileo's entire logic was I speak to God I know the truth and you're all idiots okay that was basically how he spoke to his enemies and as you can imagine he had more and more enemies and as you can also Imagine his enemies were devising ways to get at Galileo one thing that Galileo was saying privately that he should not have been saying is that people were saying to him listen this htic model it's fine but it goes against scripture okay let's look at scripture scripture says that um the Earth it's firm and immovable okay that's what the Bible says also if you look if you look at Genesis it's clear that God created the Earth first and then he created the heavens the sun and the moon and the stars so logically everything should revolve around Earth so h g how do you explain this conflict between your theory of uh the hoc Centric model and scripture and Gallo's response was it's my job to interpret scpt scripture and this as you remember from uh last week it's heresy okay if you disagree with the church that's not heresy that could just be ignorance okay but if you believe that you are above the church if you refuse to accept the authority of the church if you believe that I interpret the the Bible better than the church church that is heresy okay so G was called before the Inquisition he was explained as to explain himself and Gallo was pretty confident you know he had to support the med medis he he was a very famous author he was extremely intelligent he thought that God loved him okay so as can imagine it was complete disaster it was a disastrous meeting the the Inquisition told him to shut up okay you you can write anything you want privately but do not promote your views anymore and because if if you were guilty of heresy you could be burnt at the stake G had no choice but to follow this order okay that is until um 1632 what happened 1632 well the old Pope died and the new Pope Urban the E came into Power who is urban the E well he was a very good friend of galileos and urban the e was a huge admirer of G of alos okay so Galo felt he now had permission to get back at his enemies so he wrote a book called dialogue concerning the Two Chief World system and it was it it was basically like almost like a platonic dialogue okay where he presented his argument again for the hiloc Centric model not not only that but he made fun of his enemies so it's a dialogue um and the chief enemy of Galileo his name was simplicius okay simplicius not only that but he put into the mouth of simplicit a lot of the arguments from Pope Urban the E okay so he was making fun of the Pope even though they were very good friends so as you can imagine the pope was really pissed at first he banned this book and what happens when you ban a book you make it into a national bestseller okay so everyone was reading this book so now Urban age was really angry and so he called for the Inquisition okay so Galo was haed before the Inquisition and G now had to explain himself and G Leo was coming up with a lot of like really silly excuses so so he said is listen this book it's it's a satire it's a thought experiment Corp I know that the HELOC Centric model is wrong and so I wrote this book to um as in intellectual exercise to see how wrong it could be and to see if it could be right okay so so so he saying saying things like this didn't work and they uh basically put him um under arrest okay at this point um G's friends pleaded with the Pope and the pope said fine I'm a generous person I will commute his sentence to house arrest for the rest of his life okay so that is a story of Galo all right so you can make the argument that it was Galileo's personality that was just responsible for the trial for his trial and downfall he was it was his hubris it's a very classic classic uh Greek tragedy but um historically that's not what how we remember this the story The reason why is again remember there's a major conflict between the pressant and the Catholics so the pressant will use this trial as propaganda against the church and the pro will say you see how anti- science the uh church is and G will will we remember now as a father of modern science because he put science above religion and even though Galo um was disgraced during his time eventually what will happen is the florentines the people Florence they will dig up his grave and put uh his body beside Michelangelo and Dante all right that's how that's that's how they much they revered the contribution of Galileo okay all right so um again even though the theory of hoc Centric ISM it is correct the mathematics didn't make any sense at this time in history if you had a team of scientists go and look at the geocentric argument versus theocentric argument they would say the geocentric argument makes more s ofic sense okay it was not until Newton when the mathematics came into being that allowed for the HELOC Centric model to be widely accepted Newton as you know he's the person who created calculus the calculus you're learning in school guess what he was responsible for the creation of calculus now what's really interesting for us to know about Newton is Newton didn't really see himself as a mathemat mathematician or scientist these were s Hobbies what he really was was a the Theologian okay so he spent most of his time actually reading the Bible because he was convinced that withing the Bible were the secrets of the universe specifically he wanted to know when the world would end okay and he and he spent his most of his life doing these calculations and he told us that the world will probably end I don't know 2060 okay 2050 2060 around then so he spent most of his time doing theology this is important for us because even at this time even as soci Revolution it's gaining steam there is no separation between religion and science people understood Faith as a very important Cornerstone of science without faith how could you have the energy and the inspiration to understand the mind of God okay um Newton is also famous for being an alchemist so he spent most of his time also doing these science experiments where you're trying to combine different elements unfortunately chemistry at this point it's very primitive so he was taking Mercury okay he was convinced that mercury will lead to the phos stone and he was eating it he was tasting it and as a result he had a lot of mercury poisoning problems he couldn't sleep he had delusions his hair was falling out um he had mercury poisoning okay but at the same time he had the inspiration to come up with the mathematics to prove the h model is correct okay um the pr the book he wrote is called the principia um at this time Latin is the um universal language of of scientists right and also by the time also guys um at this time they're not called scientists they're called natural philosophers all right science is considered a part of philosophy all right so in 1687 the this debate ended with the publication of this book Newton used mathematics to prove once and for all um this the the helic model uh this is one page from the principia as you can see there are a lot of mathematics there are a lot of diagrams okay um in this book you also find his laws of motions so Newton's great Insight was that the probably the laws of attraction gravity that govern this world probably probably govern the heavens as well okay so before it's assumed that the heavens and the Earth were separate and now he's saying that no these are combined together and he created um laws of planetary motion okay he he figured out the mathematics that um that told us relationship between the the size of the planets and mass and how they orbited okay now the problem though he had a huge problem the problem is he had the correlation he had the mathematical correlation but he didn't know why the correlation existed he didn't have he couldn't solve the causation problem okay there's just no way that God would spend his time moving the planets around he was much too busy so there had there had been underlying cause he didn't know what it was though okay and and who figured it out well Einstein figured out right so we so at this point in 1905 we knew that there was a correlation between the size of the planet and how it moved okay and gravity but we didn't know why and it was a genius of Einstein to figure it out now you you remember Einstein because of his famous equation eal mc² okay what what is this what does E equals MC square mean it means that mass and energy are correlated and this is a revolution we we didn't we understand this before right we just we just assume that solids and vibrations are different and what Einstein is saying is that in order for a solid to exist there have to be vibrations in the first place and this ma this formula tells us that within all objects There is almost an infinite amount of energy okay because C is a speed of light and why is this important because this formula will allow us to develop the nuclear bomb right by splinting the atom you can create almost almost an infinite amount of energy in this world okay so that's a major contribution of Einstein but at his at at his time he was mainly known for figuring out the cation problem in space okay and what um and how Einstein figured out is by developing a new idea called SpaceTime he believed that in the heavens Spa There Was A Spacetime curvature and so what was happening was this a mass a huge object it would go into the SpaceTime curvature and warp it and because it warped it it drew things into its orbit and the and then these things would have to move around this solid okay so space-time coverture now helps us understand uh the laws of planetary motion first developed by Kepler and then by and then we finded by Newton okay and what's amazing about about Einstein is and and this is like this will blow your mind okay but he did all this while sitting at a desk at a patent office in Switzerland he was not in a laboratory he was not at a university he was just thinking by himself he was daydreaming okay so um this was just an incredible achievement okay and so um the mathematics it's very complicated okay but all you need you need to understand is that he figured out that there's a methal relationship between the mass of the object and the space-time curvature okay and this formula um tells us what the relationship is and the and why mathematics is important is it allows us to make predictions and these predictions will tell us if the if the science actually works or not okay if the model the theory makes sense or not and so Einstein's theory of relativity SpaceTime coverture it is one of the most successful models in history because it predicts the black hole okay the black hole is almost um solid that is infinitely um massive and therefore it attracts everything into it and sus everything into it including light okay so it predicts the idea of the uh black hole and we discovered the black hole all right so this um confirms the theory of relativity but um the theory of relativity also predicts the big bag because um SpaceTime the idea of space time is that space is in motion right that's why you have time because it's in motion well if it's in motion then where did it start there had there had to be like a starting point and that's why scientists not Einstein Einstein was actually against the idea of the Big Bang but lot of scientists believe that you needed a big bang okay and and so we have a working model of the big bag the problem with this model is that there's actually a lot of evidence against this okay so so there are two examples the first example is using the Hubble telescope the most advanced telescope in the world which which is now in outer space we've discovered that there're actually galaxies that came before they were due okay so the idea of big bang is that it's this massive energy explosion and so the gases will develop later but our data tells us the galaxies came before much much earlier than we expected okay that's that's the first thing second problem that we have with the Big Bang model is that this Universal expansion it is not constant there are times when it actually speeds up which makes no sense why would it speed up okay so um this Big Bang model a lot of scientists are now trying to reexamine it okay the problem is is and this a huge problem is we have we don't have a better Theory and so to get around the problem of these mathematical inconsistencies in the model scientists created A New Concept called uh Dark Energy Dark Energy now you think to yourself Dark Energy means we can't see it no that's not what it means okay and you're like well Dark Energy means we can't measure no that's not what it means Dark Energy means we don't know what it is okay doesn't mean it exists and we can't see it it just means we have no idea what it is we cannot explain why the Big Bang is expanding really fast at certain points and really slow at other points and so we just say it must be dark energy okay doesn't make sense guys so dark dark energy is not something that you can't see it's just something we don't have no idea what it is okay all right so these are the theories okay but the person who was most responsible for the creation of the Sonic method his name is actually Francis Bacon and he spent his entire life promoting the idea of Sonic processes and methods um he's Mo most well known for his book the new Atlantis so uh in the new new Atlantis which is like a novel the protagonist he ends up in on an island where they have the most advanced science in the world and and what and the reason why they have the most advanced science in the world is because they turn science into a bureaucracy a very specialized bureaucracy okay so I'm not going to read all of it all right but there are different uh offices different bureaucracies for different functions so for example we have three that try new experiments such as themselves think good these we call Pioneers or miners okay so you have an office a bureaucracy specifically to do experiments which means that you have an office bureaucracy specifically come up with hypotheses to ask questions okay also um we have three that take care out of them direct new experiments of a higher light more penetrating into nature than the former these we call lamps so you have a team to actually audit these experiments and figure out how to improve them okay and and then um lastly we have three that raise the former discoveries by experiments into great observations axioms and aism these we call interpreters of nature so these are theoreticians they're the ones who will take this this experimental data and combine it into a theory and so bacon is proposing AIC bureaucracy and guess what guys we have basically achieved his vision today you look at science today it's essentially a bureaucracy all right now one of the foundations of this bureaucracy was the founding of the Royal Society of London in 166 in 1660 okay why is this important because For the First Time ssts are allowed to present their findings before a group of peers who will question and doubt them and this will enhance their research process okay so the founding of the roal society was fun fundamental as you can imagine what will come next is Publications magazines that um will showcase a lot of um these new new discoveries um the founding members of the Royal Society include Christopher Ren who was a very famous architect as well as Robert Dole who's a very famous um canas okay so that's a basic background in into the history of the S Revolution um today we are asking ourselves a very deep question so the S Revolution separated science from religion and there's a lot of concern that this is is this has created a lot of ethical issues within science okay so let's look at three major issues the first major issue is the idea of artificial intelligence basically we're trying to create God and that's a huge concern what happens when the computers are much smarter than humans okay second is the idea of nanotechnology where we're trying to go into the at Atomic level and change the laws of nature okay we're trying to defy God and the third is the IDE of genetics where we are trying to change people's genetic um blueprint print so that we can have designer babies so that um babies will not will be free from cancer also we're trying to develop um immortality okay we're looking for the exact the elixir of immortality okay so these are three massive ethical debates within science and my argument to you today is that this is the wrong question to ask okay this is the wrong question to ask these are not possible within the current Sanic framework that we have today in fact I would make the argument that these three are essentially Illusions Hocus Pocus magic or you you can even go as far as to say they are deliberate scams so artificial intelligence is the example that we are most calm that that we're most F familiar with okay so I'm sure you've all used chat gbt is it any good no it's not will get any better no it won't okay so but there's so much hype around it okay um I I I don't have time to go into artificial intelligence but if you want to um know more about artificial intelligence and why it's a scam I can do so later on okay just just ask me all right so the real problem is this okay the real problem is this science has become an imperial bureaucracy that's the real issue all right if you think think about the world we live in today the field that is most like the Imperial bureaucracy of China um is science today science is above Nation it is above government it does it does things by itself okay and what's science doing science is promoting um it its own bureaucracy there if there's no accountability if there's no responsibility if scientists don't actually have to tell us what they're doing then it's not that they will become God it's more like they'll become corrupt bureaucrats does that make sense it's more likely that they will take all these billions of dollars the government's for them and they'll just waste it all okay why because they can it's much easier for people to be lazy greed and corrupt than is for them to become God okay all right so let me let let me um explain Okay so I I know this a hard idea but genius does not come from hard work it does not come from Sonic process or sonic method it comes from intuition imagination and inspiration okay so remember when Einstein he was just daydreaming his theories okay remember when Newton he was working on theology he was working on Alchemy and he and then he developed the ideas of calculus okay this is this is true consistently throughout history this is a passage from the book The Cosmic serpent by jery narby okay I'll just read it to you many of Science Central ideas seem to come from Beyond the limits of rationalism people do not logically deduce these ideas Rainy Day card dreams of an Angel who explains the basic principles of materialist rationalism to to him this is no different from Muhammad who was meditating in the cave and the angel Gabriel appeared before him it's religious Albert Einstein Daydreams in a tram approaching another and conceives the theory of relativity right James Watson scribbles on a newspaper in a train then rides his bicycle to reach the conviction that DNA has the form of a double helix so what giv rise to Great science to great ideas it well imagination intuition and also faith that you are correct right that's Galileo Galo was actually convinced that he was right even though the science was very sloppy okay in fact um there's very famous story where Einstein in 1930s and 40s he was having a huge argument with Scientists who are arguing for quantum mechanics specifically Neils bore okay so um if you look go go and look back in 1930s and 40s and you look at the arguments what you will find is that Einstein was very clear was very logical and was very um Sonic sound okay and you will find that Neil's bore was unclear illogical and very sloppy over science but Einstein was wrong Neil Bor was right today quantum mechanics is a science that underlined all the technology that we have today including the computer okay the semiconductor the transistor computer all right so so that's a really important thing we have to remember about science at first it seems wrong but because the people who believe in it have so much conviction and Faith they eventually Triumph okay all right so that's how science develops and this this is the argument of um Thomas in this book the structure of Sonic revolutions okay this is a book that I highly recommend um if you ever stud this History of Science this is a book the first book that you will read because he goes into how science develops over the centuries and the central argument is that science does not develop like peac meal and slowly and methodically okay it goes through revolutions and Paradigm shifts all right okay so um so I know this is going to be a bit long but it's really important that we read him okay paradigms gain their status because because they are more successful than their counter competitors in solving a few problems that the group of practitioners has come to recognized as acute right so tmy for his time was considered revolutionary because he saw the problem of why why is it the moon revolves around the earth okay he provided cosmology that was simple and which fit into theology to be more successful is not however to be either completely successful with a single problem or no success successful with any large number okay so tomy's solution only solved a few problems it was not the complete solution the success of a paradigm is at the start largely a promise of success discoverable in selected and still Inc complete examples okay so a the Paradigm at first it's actually promising but it's not at all convincing normal signs okay the sign that we practice today consists in the actualization of that promise and actualization achieved by extending the knowledge of those facts that the Paradigm displays as particularly revealing by increasing the extent of a match between those facts and the paradigm's predictions and by further articulation of the Paradigm itself okay so this is really important guys science is not about Discovery it's about refinement does that make sense s science will not give us new ideas science will take existing ideas and fine-tune them into something that we can believe and that we can use to drive technological innovation okay all right so let's look at another passage turn now to another more difficult and more revealing aspect of the parallelism between puzzles and the problems of normal science if it is to classify as a puzzle a problem must be characterized by more than an assured solution there must also be rules that limit both the nature of acceptable Solutions and the steps by which they are to be obtained to solve a jigsaw puzzle is not for example merely to make a picture either child or a contemporary artist could do that by scattering selected pieces as abstract shapes upon some neutral ground okay so this is really important but what he's saying is this science today solves jigsaw puzzles they're trying to take a larger model and find tune pieces that make the model much more elegant it's not trying to reimagine the model it's not trying to over Trend the model it's not trying to add new pieces to the model all it's doing is fine-tuning existing pieces it's like you take a jigar puzzle and and there and there's one exactly one solution to jigar puzzle if you don't provide that solution you're wrong okay does that make sense that's what science is nevertheless such a picture would not be a solution okay so what he's saying is if you come up with a new picture to the jiga puzzle you might be creative um you might be interesting you might be imaginative but you're wrong okay scientists cannot accept your solution to achieve that all the pieces must be used their plain sides must be turned down and they must be interlocked without forcing until no holes remain okay those are among the rules that govern jigsaw puzzle solutions so if you are a scientist working today you're literally solving a jigsaw puzzle the solution everyone knows the solution if you if you provide something that goes against the accepted solution you will be you will not be accepted okay all right so he concludes but Paradigm debates are not really about relative problem solving ability though for good reasons they are usually couch in those terms instead the issue in which Paradigm should in the future guide research on problems many of which neither competitor can yet claim to resolve completely a decision between alternate ways of practicing science it's called for and the circumstances that this that decision must be based Less on pass achievement than on future promise the man who Embraces a new paradigm at an early stage must often do so in defiance of the evidence provided by problem solving okay so this is hard for us to understand but if you are to to be a true innovator it's not that you come with a new solution to a problem it's that you must defy the basic premises of bureaucratic science he must that is have faith that the new paradigm will succeed with the many large problems that confront it knowing only that the older Paradigm has failed with a few a decision of that kind can only be made on faith okay so this is why it's almost impossible to separate religion from science if a new discovery is to be made that person must believe that he is sent by God to tell us the truth okay that's Galileo Galileo if you actually met the person you would think this guy's a complete all right he's arrogant he's obnoxious all he does is make fun of you okay but he's driven by a Divine mission to spread the truth and because he created this conflict with the church it became an National um controversy and not focused attention of scientists and and they try to resolve this issue okay so science scientific innovation genius it's not a tea party all right it's a revolution okay so um I'm going to summarize what we've discussed okay because because um this was a lot okay but but but but I want to summarize what we did so that you have a basic framework to understand um what I'm I'm talking about because um there'll be other classes on these topics all right um we'll be discussing Quant mechanics at a future date so I I I want to make sure that um we understand the argument Okay so argument is this for most of History Science was part of religion okay science was about validating this um religion but this creates a problem we call confirmation bias confirmation bias meaning that we will only look at evidence that supports our claims and we do this every single day okay we all want to be right we all want to feel good we all want to be confirmed and validated by the world around us okay so um there's a very famous experiment called the Dunning cougar you've heard of this right okay Dunning cougar the D and cougar experiment so dun and cougar were two American psychologists and they were teaching um an undergraduate class or foreign students and they made these students do two things the first thing is they made every student take an IQ test okay the second thing is they asked student how they think they did on that IQ test were you on top 5% were you on the bottom 5% were you average okay it turned out that once they um looked at all the results not one student predicted his or her class ranking those who did really well the top 5% it was pretty easy for them so they assumed it was easy for everyone okay so they underestimate the performance by about 10% those who did the worst didn't really know what was asked of them okay so they overestimate the performance in fact those who got the it most wrong were the worst students so maybe the top they were the bottom 10% but they thought they were average okay and what this tells us is this doubt self-doubt it's really the mark of Genius okay if you're able to doubt yourself if you're able to question yourself if you're able to self-reflect that's a sign of an accident student okay in fact the bad sign of accident student so the question then is how do you take um how do you bring doubt into science what you do is you separate science from religion and you create a bureaucracy around science in order to instill doubt in the Sonic process okay that's a solution um proposed by Francis Bacon and again it is the most successful solution in human history all right so um the starting process is hypothesis experiment um data analysis um okay replication okay does that make sense you have a hypothesis you you then test it out if it works according to data you then have to replicate the experiment to make sure that you are correct now the beauty of this model is that you can actually um you can actually make it into bureaucracy right so each department does its own thing and so what happens is that each department is inspecting and auditing the work of the previous Department to make sure the results are accurate and correct doesn't make sense and it turns out if you do it this way well it's revolutionary and it explains the world that we live in today it explains why semic progress has been so fast and uh so remarkable these past 300 400 years okay but embedded in the system are lots and lots of other issues okay which which um I will discuss the first is idea of political control it takes a lot of resources ources to run the system and as a result you can allow politicians come in and interfere with the science okay that's the first problem second problem is that over time each department will over specialize okay you have over specialization which means that these departments are now unable to communicate with with with each other because the underlying assumptions um the Science Under of of each of each department will be different okay so if you want experiments we use you use a lot of instruments okay all these instruments are so complicated that normal scientists don't really understand what you're doing okay so that's second problem over specialization the um um third problem is um the idea of accountability okay how do you know if each department is doing a good job or not right you you can't because now they're over specialized the word we use is they are now um aloof okay so there are many problems with this system another problem is insularity meaning that you have to spend like 20 years in school before you could even be even enter the system okay in insul creates gatekeeping which means that only if you play by the rules only if you V it can you enter the system okay and as a result you no longer have any creativity so this is a great irony of science um science was initiated inspired by The Genius of Galileo Newton and Einstein but today science has develop to a point where it no longers welcomes Galileo Newton or Einstein okay why because Galo is an he doesn't get along with other people they will let him in Newton is crazy right he's Alchemist he he believes that the Bible will reveal the end of the world he's crazy they won't let him man Einstein is really bad at mathematics he doesn't he would fail all these mathematic tests in order to get into the system he would probably he probably would not get into graduate school today right so this is the world we live in so don't worry about artificial intelligence don't worry about uh billionaires living forever don't worry about nanot technology okay worry about the fact that we've come to a point in our in our civilization where we are now in capable of innovation okay all right so that's it any questions just a small observation when you uh when you set up this lecture and you talked about premodern science and relied on intuition and faith and Imagination I I was really getting ready to push back you say hey that's a lot of what makes science like modern science great and you brought that in you know very nicely okay well thank you thank you um great any questions okay that's okay so um I I got a light question okay great um I I didn't know about Newton's predictions about the end of the world but if you're saying 2050 2060 what do you think the chances are that he was right okay um okay so Newton okay so um why do we know that Newton um pred predict to the end of the world Okay the reason why is this so Newton didn't have any family he didn't have a wife he didn't have any children um so his entire estate was left to his nephews and his nieces and um new and Newton also left them a lot of money okay these are Aristocrats Newton Newton is actually the first commoner the first non-royal in English History to receive a state funeral he's the first commoner to be buried at West westmin Abby okay so it was a very big deal um um back then um and his relatives obviously were Aristocrats but the thing about Aristocrats is that over time they become poor so and what do you do when you become poor well you sell off what is valuable and so Newton's papers Newton's papers all his notes were auction off in like I think the 1930s I I I I I don't remember okay 1930s and you would imagine that everyone would want these notes right cuz like they reveal genius to you but for whatever reason um they didn't really sell very well and and the in the and the cell was so bad the oxygen was so bad that it was sold peace meal okay and one person who bought the notes was um John keing the the economist John Kings The Economist and he was so excited to read the papers of Newton he was like oh my god there must be so much mathematics in these papers that would lead to new discoveries right so when he actually read the paper he was absolutely a gas at what he discovered it was Alchemy it was Theology and so um what um Newton was trying to do was he was trying to read the Bible and look for secret code I mean he was he was crazy okay look for a secret code within the Bible that would tell him the future and he was actually convinced I something call the second coming he was convinced that Jesus will return I me these are all Christians at this point right he was actually convinced that um Jesus will return and so he wants to know when he would return and how he would return okay so I I so I think he made the prediction 2060 but I can't I can't be sure but but he made a prediction when the world will end what's more important for us is that he became what we know what we call a Christian Zionist okay the idea of Christian Zess and this is really important is that once you predict the future and you know when Jesus is returning you want to know how he returns and you became actually convinced that for Jesus to return certain conditions had to be met in order to facilitate his return one major condition was the return of the Jews to Jerusalem because at this point um Jerusalem was being controlled by the Ottomans okay he was actually convinced that we have to get all the world Jews and return them to Jerusalem okay only problem was Jews didn't want to go back okay and so um I think Newton and this is completely Unknown about him okay he's actually one of the founders of a mov called Christian Zionism is let's figure out how to get all the Jews to go back to Jerusalem and this will start a process which will culminate with the return of Jesus okay so that's um um Newton um and so what this tells us okay and this is also something that is really important is he was part of a secret society with John Lock and some other really important individuals in a secret society I mean like they were considered they consider themselves the true church right so um Newton in his notes he was very clear he thought the Holy Trinity was nonsense there's only one God okay and he was the representative of God on Earth he was here on a Divine Mission so he's part of the secret society to try to achieve Christian Zionism and to discover when the second coming uh will happen so he makes this prediction 2060 so when so whether or not Newton is correct that's not the issue the issue is that with his power with his influence he was heavily promoting Christian Zionism in England and as we know what will happen is these people will go to America okay a lot of these people who are Christian Zionist they will go to America believing that America is the New Jerusalem and then what will happen later on is um these zionists Christian zionists will link up and they will plot to um bring the Jews back to uh Jerusalem and this and this leads to something called the Bal for declaration right which is to say that after World War I when the Ottoman Empire was defeated um the British Empire um now gives permission to all the Jews in the world to return to Jerusalem whether or not they want to okay so this is why history is so important because you cannot possibly understand what's happening in the Middle East today without first understanding all this history right so does that make sense okay all right great so oddar he was right 2060 things are going to well well well again okay so I'm just kidding I'm just K so 2060 again uh that's not the issue the issue is that there are very powerful people in this world who believe in this and who want who believe that it is divine mission to make this come true to use the power to use her influence to use her money to make this prediction come true it's not really a prophecy okay it's really a plan this is what it is it's a plan it's like how do we bring back Jesus because when Jesus returns the world ends and everyone's happy okay that's Heaven comes on Earth but how do we make it happen well here's the plan Christian Zionism right so that's that's that's that's my real concern whether or not the world ends in 2016 I don't know okay but the fact that there are really powerful people of the Statue of Isaac Newton with like almost unlimited resources and unlimited power they actually believe in this and they want to make this come true that should be the major concern right okay so I apologize for for going out on this tangent okay but um so uh we don't have class on Thursday but next Tuesday we'll start the Age of Exploration okay