okay so last class we talked about Maria kutas who is an anthropologist and she makes the argument that um for the longest time for most of its history Europe was he got atarian peaceful and artistic but today we are um a patriarchy um there's a lot of inequality and we're we're always at war with each with each other so what changed okay and um last time we discussed um that Old Europe was conquered by a warlike people who we call today the yanah okay so three questions I want to answer in today's class is first of all who are the yamaya second question is where do they come from the third question is how do they conquer Europe okay all right so let's go back um in time and look at the world uh about 10,000 years ago okay so we believe that about 11,000 years ago in the near East we develop agriculture we develop the technology of farming and as we discussed um in our very first class it was because humans are a religious people and farming allows us to celebrate our religion okay and the reason why farming was founded in the near East is for the longest time there's an Ice Age so you couldn't Farm you had to move around from place to place to hunt and find food okay so after the Ice Age which ended about 12,000 years ago the climate became warmer and the near East became the area where you could grow crops the easiest okay so near near near East is what we call the Middle East today which includes turkey Jordan Syria and Israel that's where farming was evented about um ,000 8,000 years ago the weather became a lot cooler okay there was another ice age for a very short amount of time and this forced people to start to immigrate or migrate to look for new lands okay so people in the near East they went off to Europe and these people were very lucky because the geography of Europe was not that different from the geography of the near East so they could take their religion they could take their technology move over to Europe and still be about the same okay there were some minor changes but they were more or less the same okay so these people are very lucky and these people as Maria kuta said these people have the same religion as people of the near East they worship the mother goddess who gives life to everything okay okay they believed in the ideas of unity Unity just Unity just means that we are the same okay every one of us are the same we have a responsibility to love each other and to love each other's children we're the same as animals we're the same as plants okay so we must do our best protect nature the Farms allows us to eat food but we should not destroy nature we should protect nature because it's all the mother God is okay all the children of the mother goddess um so we also believe in balance and Harmony and this is the religion as we discussed pre4 of many indigenous peoples around the world if you go to Africa Australia um the Amazon and you meet these IND indigenous peoples they have the very they have the same religion which is we come from a mother goddess and we have a responsibility to protect the nature the Earth because that's what the because that's the gift from the mother goddess and everyone has a soul so after we die our soul uh still lives on okay does that make sense guys so this is the religion of Old Europe and because of this religion they were egalitarian meaning there was no real difference between men and women in fact because women have the power to give birth to give life they were considered in many ways Superior um to man and the political class was mainly governed by women okay um they were peaceful they really didn't have to fight each other because they felt their resources was enough for them okay and they're artistic so they focused their intellectual energies on creating art to celebrate the mother goddess and their religion okay so uh the people of the NES and the people of Europe Europe were very similar okay the problem starts when these people went off to what we call the steps the steps is a huge ocean of grassland that basically extends from uh Europe into Mongolia okay and you know the Chinese word for this is tan now the problem with uh the the grass line is people can't eat grass and you cannot grow crops on Grassland that easily okay so the people on the steps they struggle to survive and um the people in the steps engage in a process we call social Evolution okay so you may have heard the term evolution I want to explain what the term evolution means for our class because we will refer to it a lot as we progress through human history okay so for us Evolution means open Cooperative competition okay so this is what evolution means and evolution has historically been the greatest source of human Innovation and creativity okay so let me explain why open means there's no Central Authority there's no great power okay there's no hedgemon everyone's competing against each other competition just means these people um these many different people they're trying to compete for to survive okay there are very scarce resources in the steps it's not as wealthy as in their East and as Europe and they're all trying to survive they all adopt different strategies in order to survive okay at the same time Cooperative means they're still communicating with each other they're still trading they're still friends maybe uh they'll exchange wives exchange presence okay so this is a process of social Evolution that has created the most innovation in human history so in Chinese history this most resembles what period in Chinese history in Chinese history which part of Chinese history does this process where you have many different people in open competition with each other but still learning from each other this period in Chinese history is called exactly right and that's the and that's where most of Chinese Innovation creativity came from from that period confusious came from that period laa okay a lot of major intellectual breakthroughs came from that period okay but not only uh the tun of China as we move on we will also look at two other major periods where there was a major Outburst of innovation and they have very similar social structure as like this okay okay so we will also be studying the Greek city states in fact we will spend a lot of time of uh on the Greek city states like Athens and Sparta and and um thieves because um before we actually F the origin of w civilization uh were the Greek city states okay we no longer believe that but for the longest time we believe uh westernization came from the Greek city states and when you look at the Greek city states you will discover the system they had back then is very similar to this system okay we also look at the Sumerian city states okay which is very similar to the Greek city states yes okay so um we'll be studying these different um periods okay but I want you to remember remember the first important principle is whenever there's an open Cooperative competition tremendous Innovation happens okay that's the first principle I want you to remember the second principle I want you to remember is eventually someone triumphs in this competition okay and the group the people um that triumphs are the people who are Mo who are most open to adopting innovation in order to destroy others okay does that make sense they're the most ruthless in adopting all Innovations for the sole purpose of destroying others and becoming the so hedgemon okay so we saw this with the Greek city states where for hundreds of years they were in competition with each other and then there was a people called the macedonians who weren't actually Greek okay they were um um marginal to the Greek city states and the Greeks didn't really consider the macedonians part of their um civilization but they were on the outskirts and they observed all the inovations that the Greek city states were creating especially in terms of military Innovation adopted all the Innovations for their purposes and then conquered the city states before they moved on and conquered Persia and Egypt okay and the and the leader of the macedonians was called do you guys know who was the leader of the macedonians who conquer the the Greek city states I'm sure you know who he is but you may not know he he was ma Macedonian who's the most famous Greek Greek you you've heard of yeah he was actually Macedonia okay aent of the great okay and what's amazing is we see the same pattern play out with the Samarian city states where for 100 years the city states were in competition with each other they were all trying to conquer each other without success and then an outside people a neighbor called the aadia the acadians they adopted all the Innovation and Technology of the saman city states and then they conquered the saman city states and established the first great world Empire called the aadan Empire and the founder of this Empire we will learn is called Sargon the Great okay Sargon the Great and Sargon the Great is considered the world's very first Empire bu so even though we know almost nothing about what was happening here from our knowledge of the Greek city states and the um Samaran city states and what happened to them we can guess or hypothesize the same process played out here where these different tribes different groups were creating all sorts of different Innovations then one outside group came in adopted all the innov ations and then conquered everyone okay so and these people are we call the yaya who um originate we believe in Ukraine okay so let's now discuss the innovations that that these people created okay and the Innovations were pretty incredible because they forever transformed human history okay so the first Innovation they adopted was a pastoral economy okay a pastoral economy basically um raising cattle raising or hurting cattle or cows all right so we cannot eat grass okay but cows and sheep and goats can eat grass and then we can eat the cows the goats and the Sheep okay does that make sense so what we realize what these people realize is they can take the cows the goats and the sheeps from the farmers okay because there's a lot of trading back then and then raise them in the steps and because there's so much grass they'll go very fast and then you can use that as the source of your food okay so they created a new economy what then they what the second invation is what then they realize is you know what we we can also drink their milk okay Dairy and this is this is important because for most of of human history we cannot drink milk because we're lactose intolerant okay in fact most people in the world today are still lactose intolerant but they develop the enzymes the peptides in order to drink milk okay they became lactose tolerant so that's their second big innovation the ability to drink milk okay and now now if you're able to eat protein and you drink milk a lot what happens to your body what happens to your body exactly okay you become very tall very strong okay so because of these two to Innovations the people in the steps were on average okay just average 20 cm taller than the farmers in the near East and in Europe 20 cm is a lot guys Okay the reason why is the farmers did not eat meat mostly and they could not drink milk they e they ate vegetables okay so the third big innovation is the domestication of the horse the reason why is the grassland is huge and they needed to travel huge distances to trade to communicate okay so they started to domesticate the horse and it's very hard to domesticate the horse because horses are train or horses are programmed hardwire to run away from humans right if they see a threat they run away so this process We Believe took at least 3,000 years okay but they kept on trying because because the ability to ride horses was very important for their society and their economy and so now they have the ability to ride horses that's the third big innovation then they invent the wheel okay and why this is important is if you have the horse and the wheel you can create the wagon okay if you have the wagon it means you are no longer stuck in one place you can move from place to place and so this is what we call the nomadic pastoral economy okay doesn't make sense they're able to move from place to place because basically what happens is you have a lot of cows they're going to eat all the grass okay now you have to move somewhere else for the meet the grass okay does that make sense now the problem with this is what if you move from place to place and the cows are eating all the grass what happens usually conflict right because you are now competition for what call grazing rights grazing rights if your cows go into a grass land and they eat all that grass well that's preventing other people from going in and having their cows eat that grass okay so now they're fighting over land and grazing Reds okay what else are are now going to fight over how about cows right because um in this economy one way to survive is to feed your cows what's what's another way to survive what else can you do in this economy in this world steal other people's cows right does it make sense okay so the protection of the house um me there was a greater emphasis on men okay so remember in this Society in the near East in Europe these are agricultural societies um and for them What mattered was lifegiving giving birth and um maintaining a harmonious Society so women were more important but in this Society where there's a lot of violence there's a lot of conflict men became more important okay so with these Innovations they start to change their economy the society and their religion okay economy society and religion okay so in terms of the economy the the first major change from this Society is the idea of private property private property okay because cows are private wealth and you have to protect that wealth okay so that's the first major Innovation the idea of private property where this belongs to you and only you and not to society or to the mother goddess okay and that's very different from the farmers in Europe who have no concept of private property um from the idea of private property the society changes and becomes a patriarchy okay where men are in control okay and the patriarchy of private property the problem now is one of inheritance right so let's just say I have 10 sons and I have 100 cattle and I die who gets my cattle who gets my wealth it has to be the older son why the Elder son why exactly okay so we need 100 cattle to survive as a family if I start splitting the wealth up between the 10 Sons we be we we we become a lot poor right the 10 sons have 10 Sons then then by the third generation everyone has one cattle so everyone's now poor okay so the only way to solve this problem is if I the patriarch the father give everything to the eldest son okay and this is what we call primogeniture so this is a new innovation primogeniture where the eldest inherits everything okay now the problem is what happens to the other nine Sons exactly okay so the Elder son gets everything and the nine other Sons too bad you you have to go build your own wealth and that means basically stealing cows from other people okay so this creates a War culture a War culture right so does that make sense that's your Society this is so society which honors men above women which um has private property and celebrates private property which encourages young men to go out and expand their civilization and fight Wars okay so if you're making these changes you now have to change the religion okay the religion so their religion makes major changes to the mother goddess religion okay so the first major change is who's now God who who do they do they now worship a man right because men fight Wars so they worship they worship someone called the sky father and he's the source of uh who the Greeks call Zeus the funer God okay and who the Roman is called Jupiter also the funder God so the first God is called the sky father okay that's the first change the second change is whereas the mother God is gave us everything right nature the sky father gave us cows cattle money and wealth okay so the Third change is whereas the mother goddess asked us to love everything and protect everything the sky father asks us to fight each other for the right to have wealth does that make sense that's now their new religion okay and so the they adopt this new religion okay so these are all major Innovations okay and again the one group who comes in adopts all these Innovations are call the Yaya and so if you're a group and you adopt most of these Innovations but not all these Innovations then you're going to lose to the group called The Yaya who adopt all the Innovations okay does that make sense to you guys this what this is what we call social evolution okay and when they adopt all these Innovations what happens is their religion becomes aligned with with their society which becomes aligned with the economy okay and so this is a people who are obsessed with collecting wealth and fighting Wars and expanding into new territories and so what happens is over process of a few thousand years they conquer the steps okay their culture spreads throughout the steps doesn't mean they're one people it means they're one culture practice the same beliefs okay does that make sense any questions so far so these are the yanah people this is what they believe this is where they came from this is how they behave next thing I'm going to look at is fine how do the these people conquer Europe okay now I already said they adni are stronger and bigger and more militaristic than the farmers of Old Europe right but what advantage do the people of Europe have over the yah what's the major advantage at Europe P if you have farming what happens to your population it grows very fast right so in other words Europe has um more population than um the steps does that make sense okay so in theory okay well yeah the Maya they have this warlike religion um they're extremely militaristic they're very strong but in theory Europe could have withstood the assault of the Amaya because Europe has more people okay so the question now is how did the Amah conquer Europe so what's a problem with people who live on farms what's their ultimate problem thank you the plague okay do you understand because you're living next to Pig PS and rats and there's a lot of garbage around okay so it's very easy for diseases to spread okay so we believe two things happen to reduce the population of Europe significantly the first thing that happened was the plague okay and this wiped out entire communities now the thing is though the plague spread around the world okay because remember what's important to remember is these people in the steps in the near East in Europe were all in contact with with each other because they were trading with each other okay so this so the plague we know from DNA research um was in Europe the near East and the steps why did it Wipe Out the population of Europe but not the population of the steps even though the plague was everywhere why the answer is because the people in Europe were living in one place right whereas the people the steps moving from place to place does it make sense so even though the plague did impact the people in the steps the impact was far greater in Europe in fact we believe that most of the people were wiped out by the plague in Europe okay okay so that reduce the population significantly okay so that's the first thing that happened in Europe second thing that happened in Europe is what we call climate change so about um um for sorry um yeah about let me do the math about 5,000 6,000 years ago there was a mini ice age in Europe and if you're a farmer that's really bad for you okay because you can't grow crops and it's bad for you if you live in the steps because a lot of your crops will die but not as bad okay and the other thing is that now the ice age because of climate change people in the steps are now forced to expand further into Europe okay so this this is what we we think happened three things okay that destroyed Europe the first thing is the play that's actually the most important thing because it wiped out most of the people okay so think of when Europe conquered North and South America what killed most people in North and South America was actually the plague right Europeans had these diseases they brought over and that killed most of the local population okay so the plague was the main culprit that destroyed all Europe then climate change and then finally they have naive people people who came into Europe and start to colonize Europe and destroy the local population okay so um let me now explain why the yah decided to to kill the um uh people the farmers of Europe okay so let's just say that your in Europe you have a village maybe 100 men 100 woman you you have 100 men young men who have no no wealth and no wives okay so what do they want to do if you're a young man you have no wife and you have no wealth what do you want to do yeah you want to steal other people's wife and property right so they came in okay so and what what do they do you have 100 men and 100 woman in this Village so what do you do no yeah but yeah they killed a man okay guys okay and then they married all the woman and that's what happened okay now there are some circumstances when the came in because again this is a culture this is not one people it's a culture of people and they adopted different strategies they some of them deci had to come in and said listen we'll take all the woman and we'll let the men go and what did these men do in return in response what would you do yeah so they went to get their neighbors got a thousand of them came back and killed everyone okay so this was actually a violent violent process with violence on both sides okay but eventually what happened was the yah conquered all of Europe okay and they even got to England they they conquered England okay and then not only did they conquer Europe then they went to conquer India and Iran so this spread everywhere and even Mongolia okay but not to China what Why didn't it impact to China what what what what are the reasons why the Y could not conquer China what's between India and China they conquered India right why could they conquer China you can't if you have horses okay you can't cross the Himalayas okay so that's what saved China the geography also China had a huge population right so even even if the came the population could have uh repulsed the attack okay but China did not was not conquered by the yah so China for most of of its history was isolated from the rest of the world okay does that make sense so but this Conquest meant now there's a Common Language among all these people in India in Iran in the steps basically Russia in the near East and in Europe okay this language is what we call Proto indoeuropean that's a language they spoke okay now they have a common religion so from this point on this world okay stretching from Europe all the way to India was in constant communication from was in constant communication with with each other trating ideas uh people and gods okay and this is what we call today the West okay and it's distinct from China which was isolated from this world okay does that make sense okay any questions yeah um the Mongolian people are descended from the yah yes and if you think about it the Mongolian people are very similar to the yah right the Mongolian are also uh nomadic pastoral people who are also very much warlike okay and in fact what we will learn later on is that gangas Khan adopted very similar policies as the Amah okay so we'll see a lot of similars between uh gangas Khan and his Conquest the am conquest of the world um at this time about four or 5 thousand years ago yes the plague yes it it killed most Europeans yes because Europeans were living on farms right so they were they were living together yeah because it reduced the population of Europe so they were less able to resist Invasion okay all right so the plague was all around the world okay um the and this this is actually the banic plague okay the banic plague um it's spread by rats and we have D DNA of this plague okay so we know the bank plague has been with us for the longest time okay um so the plague kills people who live closely together you understand because then it's easier to transmit the the disease okay so if you live closely together you're much more likely to catch the disease and die does it make sense but if you live far apart then you're less likely to catch the the disease so in Europe people were living on farms and there's like 10,000 people who might live on a farm okay that's a lot of people who live very closely together they're also living with animals so it's very unclean but if you're living in the steps okay um first of all you're living far apart that's the first thing second thing is um you're you your life is much more hygienic okay because you're not living with pigs and rats the third thing is your body is a lot stronger you're drinking milk okay you're getting a lot of physical exercise does that make sense so these people are less likely to die for the plague all right any more questions so are the exactly yes okay so basically um everyone in Europe except for few few people are the descendants of the yah okay the Indian people people the Iranian people also consider descendants of the yaya now um when the came these farmers in Europe okay um there were maybe three major responses okay the first response is let's fight them and then they got killed the second response is let's try to cooperate with them okay the third major response is let's move somewhere else so um the people who move to Islands okay so for example there's an island called sard sard Sardinia okay in Italy okay it's an island they survived against they survived against the Yaya and they have less Yaya DNA than um other people okay but if you can't run off to an island you're going to get wiped out okay but basically all Europe was conquered by the yah and when you look at the and later on I will show you the DNA evidence when you look at that evidence it's pretty Stark okay all right how that's a great question okay thank you all right so the this process took a long time hundreds of years okay and during this time this is a spread of a culture so it's not one people it's not one nation so what's happening was as they conquer different territories they had they had to adapt themselves to that territory because the geography is different okay so in the steps you're leading a nomadic pastoral lifestyle and at first they tried that so for example we have evidence that in Norway which is in North Europe they burn out all the forest because they were trying to replicate their Homeland okay but but then eventually they discovered this is not going to work okay it's too hard so then they start to mix their lifestyle with a local lifestyle and they became um more focused on agriculture okay does that make sense all right and as it kept on spreading they also stole the technology of the local people so even though the Y people had no um ship building technology they couldn't sell the Seas they were able to conquer people here off the coast who did have access to the Sea and who did have boats okay and then they stole the technology they killed the people and they learned the technology okay once once they had the technology then they sell off to England and killed everyone in England does that make sense okay so it's a very slow process and these are different groups of yah okay okay but that that's a very good question any more questions are you guys clear about this okay all right absolutely clear okay good so um so when we get come back from the break okay we will discuss the new world that this creates okay because when you think of question civilization the Greeks the Romans well they all come from this world okay so basically what the do is they create a new history for Humanity before theah humans were egalitarian peaceful and artistic okay and now with the Amaya you have patriarchy you have War you have money but before we didn't have these Concepts so this marks a new history for Humanity when we come back from the briak we'll start exploring this history okay